The Five Principles of Effective Leadership Essay

In today’s ever changing business field, it is more important than ever that great managers are also exceptional leaders. While being a leader may not be easy, it is something that all managers need to strive to achieve. Through constant education and practice every manager can sharpen their leadership skills. Through the reading and the Leadership Assessment there are five leadership principles that are most important to todays leaders including; creating a sense of responsibility, education, ability to lead by example, giving praise where it is do, and empathy. If today’s managers apply these five principles, they will be well on their way to being outstanding leaders. Through these five principles and what was learned in the†¦show more content†¦We were able to achieve many praises and recognition. The owner was incredibly impressed with our ability to turn the community around completely. Without a sense of responsibility many workers will not work to the full potential and many company’s goals would not ever be met. Through continual education and self-challenging managers can grow their leadership skills. This is why I have chosen this as the second most important leadership principle. Horace Mann stated â€Å"A human being in not attaining his full heights until he is educated.† Through continuous education, managers get the ability sharpen their leadership skills. Without the managers having leadership skills, it will make their jobs consistently harder. After working for a manager that was not a leader, I noticed how every assignment was harder to complete and company morale was way down. Had this manager just put forth the effort to educate herself on leadership she would have probably experienced fewer headaches in the long run. There were many educational opportunities that the organization offered for managers to build their leadership skills. I was always amazed that she was not in attendance. Through the self-challenging aspect of this principle, she may have been able to look inside herself and realize that she needed to be in attendance. EvenShow MoreRelatedThe Power Of Communication Skills For Building Trust, Inspire Loyalty, And Lead Effectively By Helio Fred Garcia1432 Words   |  6 PagesFred Garcia is an exceptional book on effective communication skills. The book was written to build leaders and a guide on strategy doctrine in the Marine Corps, and showed how the same lessons and principles apply to effective communication and how you can achieve great results through effective communication. The book is divided into three parts. The first part, Leadership and Communication: Connecting with Audiences contains the first five chapters. These five chapters focus on the ideas of: wordsRead MoreDifferent Definitions Of Leadership, My Leadership Style, How I Think And Today s Time865 Words   |  4 PagesWithout Leadership Everyone Would Be Lost and Disorganized If a person was to ponder about where leadership is found they would eventually conclude it is everywhere. Leadership could be argued that when God made the earth and all of its creatures that he gave us the capability to lead. We see this from Adam and Eve, Noah, Sampson, Abraham, David, Sara, Mary, Jesus and all of his disciples. Anyone can be an effective leader if they are educated on how to be one. Leaders are found everywhere inRead MoreLeadership Analysis : Joan Gallos Compiles A Collection Of Authors That Examines The Integral Parts Of Leadership Essay1122 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Joan Gallos compiles a collection of authors that examines the integral parts of leadership. Gallos constructed the work to assist leaders with leadership development. The book is divided into five parts that seek to equip leaders with tools and information to enhance a leader’s success. The five-part arrangement consist: Framing the issue, leadership preparation, anticipating challenges, making it happen, and sustaining the leader. Hence, integrating the concepts presented willRead MoreLeadership Practices Necessary For Organizational Change1567 Words   |  7 Pages Essential Leadership Practices Necessary for Organizational Change I have worked with and known leaders. Leaders who impacted change, leaders who hindered change, and leaders who have simply maintained. Having formed opinions on certain practices that can contribute to enhancing effective leadership, I had never deeply assessed or identified the practices that can promote, guide, and enhance organizational change and improvement. When I read, Implementing Change Patterns, Principles, and PotholesRead MoreClassical and Humanist Management Theories Essay1669 Words   |  7 PagesFinal essay â€Å"Classical and humanist management theories have had a major influenced on modern theories of leadership. Making effective use of appropriate models and theories critically examine whether this is actually the case.† Civilization is the product of those who came before us. The evolution of today’s modern management thinking has grown and developed since nineteenth century and flourished during twentieth. The twentieth century is just part of revolution management theory which startedRead MoreThree Major Components Of Nursing Leadership Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Leadership may mean different things to different people, the consensus opinion of experts in this field is that leadership is using power to direct and influence activities of people to achieve set goals or targets. Nursing leadership is all about every nurse providing, facilitating and promoting the best healthcare services to client and to the public. Leadership is a shared responsibility. (CNO 2012). The nursing profession need leaders that can build the capacity of nurses throughRead MoreFinding Ac Leader Case Study1188 Words   |  5 PagesI turned to a text from my Introduction to Leadership class. I pulled up the leadership PowerPoint received during a workshop. Upon compiling my first draft, I was informed of missing components that are required for completion. Armed with this information, I returned to the WKU’s database. During my first search with the database I read through several articles that provided me little information. Articles such as, Alex Bavelas’ (1960) â€Å"Leadership: Man and Function† were outdated and genderRead MoreThe Five Business Ethics Myths Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesCommon Ethics Misconceptions Trevino Brown (2004) in Academy of Management Executives talked about the five business ethics myths. 1. It is easy to be ethical 2. Unethical behavior in business results from bad people 3. A formal code of ethics is the easiest way to manage them 4. Principled leadership revolves around your leaders 5. At one time, people appeared to be more ethical Pundits and business leaders say being ethical is straightforward when being ethical is complexRead MoreSocial Power And Influence On The Leadership Style Using The Taxonomy Of Power Identified By French And Raven Cited912 Words   |  4 Pages3.2 Power and influence Having identified an autocratic leadership style using the taxonomy of power identified by French and Raven cited in Hughes, Ginnett Curphy (2015) where power is divided into five separate and distinct forms; will be used to evaluate how EM uses power and influence with followers given different situations. It has been argued, when a formal leader is heightened by a subjective sense of power there is a tendency for domination over discussions and interactionsRead MoreThe Importance Of Ethics And How Ethics Produce Effective Leaders1240 Words   |  5 Pagesof personal ethics in leadership and how ethics produce effective leaders. The importance of understanding ethics, motivation to act as a role model and developing a plan of action for an organization are discussed because of their importance regarding development of good leadership. These key aspects suggest personal ethics positively affect leadership and when made a priority for leaders will produce ethical and effective leade rship. With so many definitions of leadership, the question evolved

Rod Rosenstein Biography

Rod Rosenstein (born Rod Jay Rosenstein on January 13, 1965) is an American attorney and former criminal prosecutor who investigated tax fraud and public corruption before being tapped by Republican President George W. Bush to serve in the Department of Justice as a U.S. attorney in Maryland. Rosenstein enjoyed support and respect from Republicans and Democrats alike and served as the second in command at the Department of Justice under Bushs two successors in the White House, Barack Obama and Donald J. Trump. Rosensteins political legacy, though, will very likely center on his controversial move to appoint Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller III to investigate Russias attempts to influence the 2016 presidential election. Fast Facts: Rod Rosenstein Full Name: Rod Jay RosensteinKnown For: Deputy U.S. attorney general who appointed and oversaw special counsel Robert S. Mueller IIIs investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential electionBorn: Jan. 13, 1965, in Lower Moreland, near PhiladelphiaParents Names: Robert and Gerri RosensteinSpouses Name: Lisa BarsoomianChildrens Names: Julia and AllisonEducation: Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, 1986 (B.S. in economics); Harvard Law School, 1989 (J.D.)Key Accomplishments: Winning respect from Republicans and Democrats alike in Washington as he became the longest-serving U.S. attorney in the country during the administration of President Donald Trump Early Years Rod Rosenstein was born and raised in Lower Moreland, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia, where his father operated a small business and his mother served on a local school board. It was there, he said at his confirmation hearing before the U.S. Senate, that he learned straightforward values. Work hard. Play by the rules. Question assumptions, but treat everyone with respect. Read widely, write coherently and speak thoughtfully. Expect nothing, and be grateful for everything. Remain gracious in times of defeat, and humble in moments of victory. And try to leave things better than you found them. Rosenstein attended public schools and graduated from Lower Moreland High School in 1982. He then entered the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania, where he studied public policy, management, and economics. His interest in government led him to Harvard Law School after graduation. Rosenstein served as an intern for the U.S. Attorney’s Office in Massachusetts, a position that had a lasting impact on his career as a public servant. Career in Law Rosensteins long career as a government attorney began in 1990, when he first joined the Department of Justice as a trial attorney with the Public Integrity Section of the Criminal Division. From there, he launched into decades of prosecuting drug dealers, white-collar criminals and public corruption. As the U.S. attorney for Maryland, Rosenstein pressed for longer sentences for felons and battled inner-city gangs. Among Rosensteins most high-profile cases were prosecutions of: Baltimores elite Gun Trace Task Force, whose mission was to get guns off the streets and violent criminals behind bars; eight of its nine members were alleged in 2017 to have abused their power by shaking city residents down for cash, drugs and jewelry. Some members of the squad confessed to robbing residents, planting drugs on innocent people and reselling the substances to others.A Baltimore man who shot and killed a 3-year-old toddler who was playing on her front porch in Baltimore in 2014; the case remained unsolved for about three years when Rosenstein in 2017 accused a 28-year-old gang member of firing the gun at a member of a rival faction. These cases do not solve themselves. They get solved because of extraordinary work by honorable, decent, diligent law enforcement officers, Rosenstein said at the time.Dozens of people in prison-corruption scandals at the Eastern Correctional Institution in Westover; employees there were accused of smuggling drugs, cigarettes, cellphones an d pornographic movies into the facility and selling them. Rosenstein also: Recommended the firing of FBI Director James Comey over his handling of the investigation into Democrat Hillary Clintons email servers.Appointed Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller III to investigate Russias attempts to influence the 2016 presidential election after Attorney General Jeff Sessions recused himself from the case. Legal observers describe him as a tough, law-and-order prosecutor who is also fair-minded and nonpartisan. Heres a look at the various positions Rosenstein held prior to his time as deputy to Attorney General Sessions. 1993-94: Counsel to the deputy attorney general;1994-95: Special assistant to the Criminal Division’s assistant attorney general;1995-97: Associate independent counsel under Ken Starr, whose office investigated Bill and Hillary Clintons business and real-estate dealings in Arkansas.1997-2001: Assistant U.S. Attorney in Maryland.2001-05: Principal deputy assistant attorney general for the Tax Division of the U.S. Department of Justice, supervising criminal sections and coordinating tax enforcement activities of the Tax Division, the U.S. Attorney’s Offices and the Internal Revenue Service.2005-17: U.S. Attorney in Maryland, overseeing federal criminal and civil litigation.2017-Current: Deputy U.S. attorney general following President Donald J. Trumps nomination on Jan. 31, 2017, and Senate confirmation on April 25, 2017. Personal Life Rosenstein and his wife, Lisa Barsoomian, live in Maryland and have two children, Allison Liza and Julia Paige. Barsoomian worked as a government prosecutor and, later, as a lawyer for the National Institutes of Health. Important Quotes It is important to separate the role of politics in setting priorities and the decision to prosecute cases. And in the Justice Department that is what we do on a daily basis, that is how are trained. — Speaking to an ABC affiliate about his role as deputy attorney general.â€Å"The oath of office is an obligation. It requires me to support and defend the Constitution of the United States; to bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution; and to well and faithfully discharge the duties of my office. I have taken that oath several times, and I have administered it many times. I know it by heart. I understand what it means, and I intend to follow it.† — Speaking at his confirmation hearing in 2017. Role in Trump Russia Investigation Rosenstein was a relatively unknown political figure outside of Maryland, even after being tapped as deputy attorney general and assuming oversight of Muellers investigation into Russian meddling in the 2016 elections. Rosenstein drew Trumps ire after appointing the special counsel, but threw his career into jeopardy by suggesting to colleagues he secretly record Trump in the White House to expose the chaos consuming the administration. Rosenstein also was said to have discussed recruiting cabinet members to invoke the 25th Amendment, which allows for the forceful removal of a president outside of the constitutional impeachment process.  Rosenstein denied the reports. While Rosenstein held onto his job after that controversy, Trump passed him over for a promotion in late 2018 when Session was fired as attorney general. Rosenstein had been the heir apparent to the position because of the terms of the federal Attorney General Succession Act, which gives the deputy attorney general authority when the top position becomes vacant. Sources Davis, Julie Hirschfeld, and Rebecca R. Ruiz. â€Å"Caught in White House Chaos, Justice Dept. Official Seeks Neutral Ground.† The New York Times, The New York Times, 22 May 2017.â€Å"Meet the Deputy Attorney General.† The United States Department of Justice, 21 June 2017.â€Å"U.S. Attorney in Baltimore Is Trumps Pick to Be Deputy Attorney General.† The Washington Post, WP Company, 14 Jan. 2017.Vignarajah, Thiru. â€Å"A Look at the Past Work of the Deputy AG Who Called for Comeys Firing.† Vox, Vox, 10 May 2017.

Economic Equality Between The Social Classes Of The Great...

There should be greater economic equality between the social classes of the great United States of America. While there is no agreement of a full blown communist or socialist revolution, a la Karl Marx, there is agreement that there should be slight changes towards this idea of equality. According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, a social contract (theory) â€Å"is the view that persons moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live† (Friend). The current American contract is debatable, and the exact definition depends on each person individually. Similar to Hobbes and Rousseau alike, Daniel Mallock on American Thinker believes that the social contract†¦show more content†¦Economic inequality is a multifaceted, idea that breaks down into unequal distributions of income, pay, and wealth. Of course, each individual definition is the inequality of distribution of each concept, re spectively (How is Economic Inequality Defined?). Income is the money received from nearly everything a person is a part of: investments, bonds, stocks, property, wages, salary, pension, rent, payment, etc. (How is Economic Inequality Defined?). By definition, those with less of these investments and earnings are at a disadvantage than those with more. Normal class citizens do not own thousands and thousands of stocks, large houses and yachts, nor do they receive these large wages similar to the wealthy. Nonetheless, while this seems like a tiresome argument, the cries are valid. The Scientific American states that, â€Å"The top 20% of US households own more than 84% of the wealth, and the bottom 40% combine for a paltry 0.3%. The Walton family, for example, has more wealth than 42% of American families combined† (Fitz). This notion relates to not only a small fraction of economic inequality, but to a major gap between those that supposedly have it better. Pay refers to the payment from employment only (How is Economic Inequality Defined?). This area is seemingly easier to work with the idea of equality, for a job/career usually relies on skills alone. Usually is a key word only due to the fact that networking and knowing the right people canShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Revolutionary War1417 Words   |  6 PagesThe Revolutionary War The Revolutionary War started on April 19, 1775 at Lexington and Concord. America was very much unprepared with no central government or army. The congress stepped up as the government and began to organize an army. The Revolutionary War did not end until September 3, 1783 with the signing of the final peace treaty between America and Great Britain. The victory in the Revolution War led to the birth of a new independent nation. After the Revolution it was a timeRead MoreInequality Of The American Dream1368 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribed as the success of life, and the goals achieved. Sometimes, these dreams can not be achieved due to obstacles. In this case, obstacles such as inequality. Many may view America has the land of opportunity and the greatest nation ever due to our vast diversity and freedom, but is this thought to be true in America itself? There has been many cases of people facing inequality in history. Examples of inequality were unequal rights against African Americans, against women, and one that is moreRead MoreThe Industrialization of the Northern United States Essays1504 Words   |  7 Pagesindustrialization of the United States north produced a â€Å"complete revolution† in Americans’ â€Å"life and manners.† The complete revolution that Bushnell speaks of was an era of industrialization triggered by a population growth, an increase in literacy rates, and the d evelopment of labor-saving technologies in the northern region of the United States. This dramatic economic and social transformation instigated a series of outcomes, both positive and negative, for the United States during the early to midRead MoreSocial Stratification On Social Mobility And Income Equality Essay957 Words   |  4 Pages Jeff (Xiaotang) Jing SO 101: INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN THE PRESS AMERICA REGRESSED IN SOCIAL MOBILITY AND INCOME EQUALITY For a long time, Americans believe that anyone who works hard and follows the rules can own a house, raise a family and have a decent life. Believe it or not, social stratification and inequality were aggravated in the last decades in the United States. Social stratification is a sociological term for the systematic ranking of differentRead MoreDemocracy And American Politics : Wealth Vs. Want1246 Words   |  5 Pagesthat best protects human right because it is the only one based on a recognition of the intrinsic worth and equality or human beings.† (4) Democracy is good for the growth of a nation, through democracy people have been able to manifest in a peaceful way their needs, making agreements and disagreements, from my point of view, between this and other facts have led the United States to be a great nation. Democracy is a way to govern the people of a nation where every citizen agrees to the way the governmentRead MoreThe Revolution Was A Huge Period Of Change From 17 75-17831366 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution was a huge period of change from 1775-1783. The revolution was extremely revolutionary in some cases. At other times, the reevolution didn t change anything. America would not be the America it is today if the revolution didn’t change the style of government. America would be a country ran by a king if it weren t for revolutionary change of government. On the other hand, the revolution did absolutely nothing for slaves and blacks. The laws that were set in the 1780’s againstRead MoreGoals of Public Education Essay780 Words   |  4 PagesEducation/TED 602 January 13, 2012 Professor KL Goals of American Public Education Public education in America began in the early to mid-19th century with the simple goal of â€Å"uniting the American population by instilling common moral and political values† (Spring, 2012, p. 5). Our country was founded by men who designed the constitution so that it could be amended to accommodate changing political and social climates. They believed in the ideology of the American dream which â€Å"holds out a vision of bothRead MoreThe Inequality Of Class Mobility1515 Words   |  7 PagesOn class mobility, Tocqueville did not comment on the racial factor that prevents social mobility. Tocqueville claimed that, â€Å"when men living in a democratic society are enlightened, they readily discover they are not confined and fixed by any limits which force them to accept their present fortune. They all, therefore, conceive the idea of increasing it†¦ The legislature, it is true, no longer grants privileges†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tocqueville 38). This means that once men unde rstand they are not confined to theirRead MoreAnalysis Of The War Hero After The Battle Of New Orleans934 Words   |  4 Pagesas the guardians of the United States Constitution, political democracy, individual liberty, and equality of economic opportunity. Although this is true to a certain extent, Jackson advocated what he thought would be beneficial to the â€Å"common man.† Jackson spread the equality of economic opportunities and remained loyal to the constitution, but fell short when considering individual liberties and political democracy. Jacksonian Democrats guarded the equality of economic opportunities. Since JacksonRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States Constitution Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesTwo of the most important documents in United States history, are the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution. The Declaration of Independence was a catalyst that helped to shape America to what it is today: a nation where its core values are still defined, and where life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness still thrive in the American people. The rights that people possess are called natural rights, these were the standards for a human life and were not dependent of any

Hinduism Essay example - 5654 Words

Hinduism Introduction Hinduism is a religion that originated in India and is still practiced by most of the Natives as well as the people who have migrated from India to other parts of the world. Statistically there are over seven hundred million Hindus, mainly in Bharat, India and Nepal. Eighty five percent of the population in India is Hindu. The word Hindu comes from an ancient Sanskrit term meaning dwellers by the Indus River, referring to the location of Indias earliest know civilization, the Pakistan. There is not much organization and hierarchy is nonexistent. The religion suggests commitment to or respect for an ideal way of life know as Dharma. Hinduism absorbs foreign ideas and beliefs making it have a†¦show more content†¦In the medieval times the Hindus evolved into having philosophers, plays and music with their religion. A man named Chaitanya came into power and claimed to have a god reincarnated inside of him. In the 19th century, movements to reconcile traditional Hinduism with the social reforms and political ideas of the day took place. Many people where sent out to Europe and Asia preaching and spreading the religion. Throughout all these periods of time, the religion mutated and changed to fit with the times and as it did it just kept gathering more and more followers. Hinduism Today Today there are numerous self proclaimed teachers who have migrated to Europe and the United States, where they have inspired large followings. In India Hinduism thrives despite all the reforms and shortcuts made in the practicing due to the gradual modernization and urbanization of Hindu life. Hinduism continues to serve vital function by giving passionate meaning to the Hindus of today. Beliefs and Practices Caste System The ideal way of life is referred to as the duties of ones class and station. In the phrase the word class is changed to CASTE. The ancient texts tell of four great classes, or castes: the Brahmins, or priests; the Ksatriyas, or warriors and rulers; the Vaisayas, or merchants and farmers; and the Sudras, or peasants and laborers. A fifth class, Panchamas, or untouchables, are people whose jobs make them touch unclean or unholy objects.Show MoreRelatedHinduism : Hinduism And Hinduism1140 Words   |  5 PagesPart One: Hinduism Worldview Hinduism is a panetheism belief system in which there are over 330 million different deities. They have a large number of different sects (Hindson and Caner 262-265). Hinduism starts with 3 Trimurti, or deities and ends with over 330 million different gods (Hindson and Caner 262-265). With an estimated 850 million followers (Halverson 1-8) . Hindus strongly believe in reincarnation, and karma. They believe that untill one reaches the highest state of purity, they willRead MoreHinduism And Buddhism And Hinduism1641 Words   |  7 PagesSo far we’ve learned about Hinduism and Buddhism in India two of the most common religions found in India. One of the many things about learning about different culture is the religion that is come with. Religion is one of the many things that are unique to each and every culture. Religion views are what make a group of individuals come together and form a community. In core 7 we are learning about Hinduism and Buddhism learning about India and their religion views has helped me see the world inRead MoreHinduism, Hinduism And Buddhism1205 Words   |  5 Pagesafterlife has become a controversial subject across many religions. Religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism have provided a multitude of similar and different analysis behind their specific beliefs and practices. Similar to many religions practiced around the world, Hinduism portrays a great amount of belief in worshipping gods that they believe play a special role in their history. Though when speaking of Hinduism, I should mention that it does not consist of a single, dominant religion. It is aRead MoreHinduism : Buddhism And Hinduism1045 Words   |  5 PagesSoutheast Asia, particularly India, is the birthplace of many religions. India is where these two religions arose: Buddhism and Hinduism. Hinduism is a very ancient belief system derived from the lifestyle of Southeast Asia. It still has a strong presence in its place of origin and it is characterized as a family of religions. An offspring of Hinduism, Buddhism is also a family of religions, except it has less of a strong presence in its place of birth. Yet, situated to the East area of the worldRead MoreHinduism, Islam, And Hinduism Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pagesthese principles often have a primary theme that they tend to suppor t. The major religions that are practiced b many people across the world are Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. The three religions are practiced in different parts of the world depending on the beliefs of the population in a particular part of the world. Hinduism is a religion that is dominant in South Asia. In particular, the Hindu religion is mostly practiced in India than in other countries. Ranked as the third largest religionRead MoreSimilarities Between Hinduism And Hinduism1390 Words   |  6 Pagesboth fall under the religions of Hinduism. Not only do the details of the pieces help explain the art, but so does the culture and the religion practiced at the time the piece was made. Hinduism is a major religion in India that is practiced by almost everyone. This is where they believe in one supreme being that has many different aspects. People who don’t understand Hinduism commonly mistake it with Buddhism due to the fact they share similar beliefs. Hinduism has the most affect on the cultureRead MoreBuddhism Vs Hinduism : Hinduism1573 Words   |  7 PagesBuddhism vs Hinduism Hinduism and Buddhism are two religions that are very open and tolerant of all people. They are religons that believe in acceptance of all and open-mindedness of other religons. Hinduism is the oldest religion on the planet that has been well established and still has a large following. To put it into perspective if religons were under 100 years old Hinduism would be 80 and Judaism and Christianity would still be in their 20s or 30s. Buddhism is also a long-standing religionRead MoreSimilarities Between Hinduism And Hinduism1560 Words   |  7 Pages and Buddha. Buddhism and Hinduism are two of the world’s oldest religion. Since Buddhism developed from Hinduism they can be very similar however, they are not the same because both religions have different types of rituals, founders, and gods. They also have different views on life and enlightenment. In this paper I will discuss the foundations and practices of both religions and then move into a discussion comparing and c ontrasting the two religions. Hinduism is a very interesting religionRead MoreBuddhism, Hinduism, And Hinduism1817 Words   |  8 PagesMost of these religions are based off the belief in a god, or have a moral code that they need to follow in order to appease their god or achieve salvation in the afterlife. Three religions that will be highlighted here are Buddhism, Sikhism, and Hinduism. In each of these three religions, they all share some religious tenets, or beliefs, that is universally accepted amongst all religions around the world and throughout history. Some of these tenets include the belief in a god or a Supreme Being.Read MoreSimilarities Between Hinduism And Hinduism Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesChristianity Versus Hinduism Christianity and Hinduism, are two of the worlds oldest religions. Although they are very different religions they share one main goal; salvation. However, their idea of salvation and what they have to do ,and what must be done to attain salvation are very different. Two main similarities between the Hindu religion and Christian religion are referred to by different titles; nevertheless they are represented by the same action. One example of these similarities would

Plastic Surgery Research Paper Free Essays

Source 1- A model Society ; South America’s obsession with plastic surgery -Juana Ramos Mejia, a 32 years old secretary in Buenos Aires is obsessed in obtaining plastic surgery. She had her first intervention when she was thirteen and she thought to get breast implants. -Machismo affects the desires of getting plastic surgery in South America. We will write a custom essay sample on Plastic Surgery Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now -South America’s women try to have the European’s women look. IF NOT- They endure rough judgment, including personal also professional judgment Luis Majul describes in his own book that the South American women suffer inferiority complex. In this case there is the Argentines example which rates them as a step backward from being modern and wealthy. -Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela – 3 countries that have the most successful plastic surgery industry. a. Latin Americans have won 11 out of 25 Miss Universe Titles. b. According to Julie Scofield, a 28- year old American in Buenos Aires all women in a gym’s locker room have the same model of breasts.Source 2- Correlates of Young women’s interest in obtaining Plastic Surgery. From 2000 to 2007 there was a 59 % increase in plastic surgeries obtained. Dating in 2007 it was a remarkable number (12 milion)of plastic surgeries where patients were from 13 to 19 years old. -Plastic surgery cause for concern given these procedures are not risk-free and they are now performed on hundreds of thousands of young women who are simultaneously undergoing the vast physical, social, and psychological changes associated with adolescence and young adulthood (Sarwer 2001). Patients are ethnically and socioeconomically different. -Main Factors – interest in weight status, body dissatisfaction, experiences of teasing about their bodies, and internalization of media messages about physical appearance issues. The recent flood of media messages suggesting that appearance-enhancing surgical transformations are not only increasingly accessible to but appropriate for young people, likely exacerbates youths’ inclination to want to improve their physical appearance.Body dissatisfaction motivates individuals to pursue cosmetic surgery (Henderson-King and Henderson-King 2005; Ogden 2003). Body dissatisfaction has successfully been conceptualized as a mediator of relations between objective measures of young adult women’s bodies and their concerns about and attempts to change their bodies (Markey and Markey 2005) In models, if is not positively related the weight with body size, normally there is body dissatisfaction , which is associated with weight concerns and dieting behaviors. Socio-cultural influences higher women interest in pursuing plastic surgery in order to transform their bodies. -The extent to which young women impute media messages about physical appearance issues will be examined as a predictor of their interest in cosmetic surgery (Knauss et al. 2007).An important reason that pushes women to pursue a plastic surgery is the opinion of other people and their coments. – The idea that plastic surgery is for rich and famous people does not exist anymore. The main reason that women have plastic surgery still remains the desire of looking younge r than they are. Source 3-PLASTIC SURGERY FOR REAL PEOPLE Surveys the recent years show that plastic surgery is not just for Rich and Famous people. According to a survey made in 2005 by the American Society of Plastic Surgeon most of the patients (71%) had an average of earned less than $60,000 annually. This middle-class patients have several reasons for having plastic surgeries such as: * Tummy Tuck-$7,000 * Breast Implants -$5,500 * Liposuction * FACE, BROW AND NECK LIFT-$15,200 How to cite Plastic Surgery Research Paper, Essays

Defining Jazz Music Lesson Plan in Music free essay sample

Time This lesson Is composed of four integrated teaching sessions designed for 45-55 minute class periods. Taught as a complete unit, the lesson may span two to three weeks, depending on the amount of time allowed for in-class sharing and writing. The objectives and materials are listed in individual sections. Overview Louis Armstrong said, Jazz is music thats never played the same way once. Ralph Ellison said, Jazz Is an art of Individual assertion within and against the group With this lesson students will attempt to develop their Individual and collective definitions of jazz.In most cities today, continuous jazz can be heard on a local FM radio station. Usually, the music will be easy listening or smooth Jazz, as it is commonly referred to In urban settings. However, this music does not completely define Jazz. Does this music represent a particular kind of Jazz? Are there other sounds, that are not mellow and quiet storm sounding music? If so, where did the sounds come from, and who were the early players? How does this sound distinguish Itself from the sounds of earlier years, or is there a distinction?Does everyone Like this type of music? What do Likes and dislikes have to do with the benefiting of the jazz art form? The lessons and activities assembled here will answer these questions and perhaps raise additional questions for students to explore. Objectives Session 1 session 2 Session 3 Session 4 Recommended Resources Relevant U. S. National Standards Students will read two selected texts and extract definitions of Jazz from various famous people, such as Duke Elongating, Louis Armstrong, and Ralph Ellison. Students will compose a working definition/explanation of jazz.Students will develop a time line of the jazz era from the early sasss to mid-century using multiple resources. Students will read selected biographies. Students will listen to selected interviews with Jazz artists who describe the art form of Jazz. Students will listen to music composed or performed by Jazz artists. Return to TOP Session One Time: One to two 45-minute class periods. Students will read for Information and take notes. Students will develop a personal explanation of jazz based on their readings and 1 org Overhead projector with transparencies Copies of selected readings: Dance, Stanley.The World of Duke Elongating. The Art Is in the Cooking. Decapods Press, Inc. : New York, 1970, (2-6). Audio tape recordings of music by Elongating, Armstrong, Chlorate, or other legendary Jazz artists Computers with Internet access Pen and paper or Journals to record notes Large sheets of paper to record definitions Tube markers (both for transparencies and for paper) Warm-up Activity Copy the following statements about Jazz. If you agree with the statement, place a positive symbol (+) next to the number; if you disagree with the statement, place a negative symbol (-) next to the numbered statement. . Jazz is noise. 2. Jazz is music thats always different. 3. Jazz is an American art form. 4. Jazz is revolutionary. 5. Jazz is the same as bebop, hip-hop, and the blues. 6. Jazz is new and old. Procedure 1 . Students will share and compare statements of agreement and disagreement. Students may tabulate their answers to determine which statement most people agreed and/or disagreed. 2. Have students listen to a selection by Duke Elongating or Louis Armstrong. Ask them if they would like to adjust their lists of statements after hearing the two pieces. 3.Explain to students that they are going to read a short essay written by Duke Elongating. He discusses what he thinks Jazz is and why there has been some confusion about the way it is described. If you do not have copies of Elongations essay, see the PBS JAZZ Web site, Jazz Lounge, (http://www. PBS. Org/]jazz/ lounge) for background information about Jazz. Alternatively, students might explore the Jazz Improvisation Primer(http://www. Outsiders. Com/primer/primer/ index. HTML) or Verve Music Groups Jazz History(http://www. Overproducing. Com/ vault. Asps).Carl Sandburg poem Jazz Fantasia may also be a useful addition. 4. Have students take notes as they read. The double-entry Journal format is recommended for their use as follows: A double entry Journal can be made using taboo paper and folding it in half vertically. Draw a line with a pen or pencil down the fold to allow for two columns. Label the left-hand column Notes and the right- hand column Reflections. Under Notes record important information; under Reflections record questions, impressions, connections, etc. 5. Have students read aloud in pairs; taking turns reading and writing notes.They might want to skim the article silently first and then read it aloud to their partners, stopping to record notes they agree are important. Students should discuss the reading and enter their comments under Reflections on their Journal pages. Closure/Evaluation Have groups share one note and their corresponding reflection with the class. They can write them on large sheets of paper with markers or on transparencies so that their ideas are displayed visually as well. Homework Students are to use their notes and reflections to answer the following question: explain it? Return to Top Session Two Students will: read actively to answer comprehension and implied meaning questions using the text as support, and write and speak to inform. Materials Readings and writings from previous days session Your selections of recorded Jazz music Write a short essay or paragraph to describe language and the importance of communication. Think about these questions as you write: Have you ever misunderstood something or had someone misunderstand you because they thought you meant something other than what you meant? Why are words confusing sometimes?Why is it important for people to have a shared understanding of what a word means? Procedure 1 . Have students read their essays (written during the warm-up today, and the homework writing from the previous session) and underline the sentence that best describes what the writing is all about (the topic sentence) and the title. . Allow each student to stand and read his or her title and topic sentence from each paper. Make suggestions orally for improvement and ask the students to share suggestions as well. Allow students time to make refinements before exchanging papers with fellow classmates for peer response. . Peer Response: Students read fellow students papers and suggest ways of improving the contents using the following model: Title of the writing Authors name List two positive features of the paper Ask two questions the author needs to elaborate on or to clarify Make two suggestions for improvement Rate the paper overall from 1 (low) to 4 (high) You may want to play recorded music during this time; when everyone is done, ask students to return the papers to the authors for revision. Assessment Students may volunteer to share feedback from the activity. Are the comments/ questions helpful?Why did we look only at the content and not at mechanics? How did you feel when you had to read your classmates papers? Did you do a good Job? Homework Students will revise both papers. Session Three Time: One to two weeks of researching, writing, and sharing. Objectives read about, listen to, and discuss music; and, reactive a variety of writing strategies: description, narration, exposition, and Elongating says Music itself is a category of sound, but everything that goes into the ear is not music. Explain this statement scientifically. What does he mean?Write a short explanation using what you know about hearing, music, and sound. Procedure 1. Description. Students will work in pairs or groups of four to list the sounds they like. Some examples might be the music they love, or the noise of conversation on the school bus in the morning. Ask them to write about what they are doing when they hear the sounds they love. How do they listen? Do they need quiet to hear certain sounds? Can they hear others even when there is noise all around them? 2. Narration. Have students look at their lists and their descriptions and determine how to prioritize the items.If they had to give up all of the sounds they like but one, which one would they pick? Do they need to add other sounds to their lists now? What is the most precious sound they want to hear? Students should write about that sound and why it is important to them. Students should share their writings, peer edit, revise and finalize. 3. Exposition. Students will research how sound is produced and how humans hear. Ask students to demonstrate what they know about hearing by brainstorming lists or drawing diagrams. Together, draw the ear and the organs associated with hearing.This site may prove helpful: http://staff. Harrisonburg. Ask. VA. Us/-?accorder/ear. HTML. Students will work in pairs or groups to prepare their research projects. They can search the Internet or use science textbooks to prepare brief but informative reports. Students must illustrate their findings, label the parts, and display them for others to read and learn the details about how sound is produced. Students will present their findings o their classmates or another class. 4. Persuasion. Students will write to convince someone of a particular opinion about music.Students are to select one of the following statements for writing a persuasive letter or speech. The student must convince the listeners to agree with his or her position on the topic. Suggested positions are: Music is good for the soul; therefore, all music is good and worthy of respect. Loud music is offensive. Some music is bad for young people because the language is crude and violent. Music calms the savage beast. l would not trust a man who said he did not like music. 5. Ask students to begin by identifying the audience and purpose for writing.Allow students to write in class and to practice reciting their speeches and/or letters to each other. Homework Students are to refine their presentations and share with the class on the next day. Assessment Recommendations Rubric for presentations: 4Star Quality: Student speaks loudly and clearly enough to be easily heard and understood. Student presents three or more arguments/statements to support his or her idea. The reasoning is logical and easy to follow. 3Achieving: Student speaks well enough to be easily heard and understood.Student presents two or more tenements of support. The ideas are logical. 2Working: Student does not speak support. Some ideas are logical but may not be fully developed. 1Willing: Student presents but does not speak with understanding. More support is needed for ideas and those that are shared are fragmented. Rubrics for writings: 4Strong writing: Essays contain a well-developed topic sentence and several examples or supporting details. Papers are free of errors. Transitional words are used to connect ideas. Sentences vary in structure. Word choice is varied as well. Capable writing: Essays are developed with a topic sentence and some examples or purporting details. Few if any errors. Some transitional words are used. Ideas are connected. Some sentence variation and word choice. 2Developing writing: Partial development of a topic sentence with few examples or support. Several errors in language use; lack of transitional words. Little sentence variations and limited words choice. 1Limited writing: Topic sentence not defined, but an attempt is made to have one. Few if any examples or support. Errors interfere with meaning.Extension/ Adaptation Ideas 1. Build a model of the ear and brain to show how we hear and then write an explanation of the process. If we all hear the same things (a record playing for example), then why do we like different sounds? Why don we feel the same way about what we hear? What else has an impact on hearing? Have students add that answer to their models and to the explanations. How does this relate to Duke Elongations explanation of Jazz and music? 2. Select one of the topics below and have students write a short essay to explain their answers.Remind them to: (1) state their position on the topic, (2) add their reasons for believing as they do, (3) write one paragraph for each reason, and (4) then close out the essay with a bang! Possible assay topics from the reading (and re-reading): What is the purpose of the food menu metaphor Elongating employs? Could he have explained the categories of Jazz better without using the food example? How? What does Elongating say about imitation and imitators? What is Elongations definition of Jazz? Do you agree or disagree? Explain why or why not.Return to Top Time: Two to three 45-minute class periods. Practice active reading strategies of note taking, comparison/contrast, and main idea; read and comment on the definitions of Jazz artists; write definitions of Jazz; and, compare Elongations definition and their own. Cop ies of Craig Wearers A Change Is Goanna Come: Music, Race, and the Soul of America in The Jazz Impulse (Plume Books: New York, NY, 1998). Procedure 1 . Students will copy the quotations from Wearers article, and identify their sources. 2. Students will explain the meaning of each quote. . Students will write a comparison/contrast essay on one of two topics: (1) Elongations definition of Jazz and those of Armstrong and Ellison; or (2) Elongations explanation of of their groups. They will peer edit and revise before participating in scoring their essays using the rubric for writing. Extension/Adaptation Ideas Students can present their prepared speeches from the previous objective in Session Ill. On the second day, one student could begin a speech and another student who shares a similar viewpoint can pick up and continue the speech or improvise.Have students learn about improvisation in different ways: for example, they may tell Jokes and riddles and come up with endings on the spot in a round-robin manner, I. E. One tells a Joke or asks a nonsense riddle and the person next to him/her must answer it. The idea is to get them to improvise. Have students listen to Jam sessions or live scorings of Louis Armstrong and His All Stars playing, Into Misbehaving' and C Jam Blues and Elongations band playing the same songs. Ask them to listen for the improvisations. Have students write a descriptive paragraph to describe what they heard.Assign students the task of interviewing a professional in the music industry (teacher, local radio disc Jockey, editor of the music section of a newspaper, choir director, etc. ) or relatives and friends who are music lovers to collect definitions/ explanations of the meaning of Jazz. Students should also ask their interviewees which Jazz artists they like, and why. Students should try to interview as many people as possible, but no less than 10. They should tabulate their results and display the data in a scientific manner (graphs, charts, or some other visual). What conclusions can they draw from their findings?Students should write a brief report to explain what they found out and whether the data supports what theyve read or not. Return to Top The Soundly http://library. Thinkers. Org/19537/ Verve Music Group: Jazz History http://www. Overproducing. Com/vault. Asps ONCE Standards for English Language Arts Students read a wide range of print and non-print texts to build an understanding of sets, of themselves, and of the cultures of the United States and the world; and to acquire new information. Students apply a wide range of strategies to comprehend, interpret, evaluate, and appreciate texts. They draw on their prior experience, their interactions with other readers and writers, their knowledge of word meaning and of other texts, their interactions with other readers and writers, their knowledge of word meaning and of other texts. Students employ a wide range of strategies as they write. Students conduct research on issues and interests by generating ideas and questions, and by posing problems. They gather, evaluate, and synthesize data from a variety of sources to communicate their discoveries in ways that suit their purpose and audience. Students use a variety of technological and information resources.Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning Understands the relationship between music and history and culture. (Music) Knows the characteristics and uses of computer software programs. (Technology) Return to Top A Jazz Talk Show Grade Levels: 6 8 Grades: 4-8 Subject areas: Music, History, Language Arts, and Theatre Estimated time of completion: 6 50 minute sessions Summary: Students will explore the lives of various Jazz musicians. They will become familiar with the social and historical events that were present during the lives of these individuals.They will listen to the music of the artists and become knowledgeable about their styles. This activity will culminate in the production of a news/talk show created and performed by the students highlighting the lives of these musical fugues. Objectives: Students will listen to, analyze, and describe music. Students will gain an understanding of music in relation to history and culture. Students will gain experience in theatre arts skills. Students will gain experience in the general skills and strategies of writing. Students will gain experience in the general skills and strategies of reading.Students will use the Internet to do research. Students will appreciate the relation of music to the history and culture Materials: Computer(s) with Internet access will be used for online activity and research Available library resources Available Jazz recordings Available video equipment Writing materials Procedure: 1 . Access the Jazz Greats component of the PBS Kids Jazz website. As a class, read some of the biographical material on the musicians found there. Use the questions below to spark discussion about the information they have Just been exploring. What did these musicians share in common?What were the events and/or social influences that shaped their music? Ask the students if any of them share anything in common with these musicians (I. E. Play the same instrument, live or have lived in the same region/city as the musician, etc. ) 2. Move to the Future Jazz Greats area. Read some of the student submissions. Share any thoughts the students have on these: Are there any experiences in this section that they can personally relate to? What? Why? What comparisons can you make with he musical experiences read in the student submissions in Future Jazz Greats and the biographies in Jazz Greats? . Explain to the class that they are going to be creating a talk show. The focus of this show is J jazz and they will be interviewing famous historical and contemporary Jazz personalities. Students will choose several jazz musicians to research. These will be some of the guests on the show. After the personalities are selected, divide students into groups to begin researching them. (The number of personalities and students assigned to each will depend on class size home, the library, etc. All students will contribute to the scripting to be used by the hosts. This will be based upon their research. Students should carefully consider the different perspectives they were exposed to in the Jazz Greats and Future Jazz Greats pages, and create interview questions that will reveal biographical, historical, and social/cultural events prevalent during the musicians lives, which are/were influences on their music. Students should have listened to (and may incorporate into the show) sound bites/recordings of the famous musicians music. 5. When research is completed, students will select individuals to play the parts of the Caucasians they have studied.A host and co-host will also be selected. Students will perform this show in an available venue (I. E. For another music class, parent, etc. ) 6. Written research will be handed into the teacher for evaluation. This can take the form deemed appropriate by the teacher (notes collected during research sitting sources, reports including resources, etc. ) Assessment: Students should have completed all assignments and actively participated in all discussions. Teacher assessment of students knowledge on various musical fugues through observation and anecdotal notes of performance. Student evaluation of reject: Was enough information shared about the musician during the interview? If not, what else should have been included? Were audio musical examples used? What were the strong points in the presentation? Weak points? Suggest on area that could be improved and how you would do it? What was the most outstanding/ interesting thing you learned during this process? Extensions and Adaptations This presentation could be video taped and shown (in whole or segments) as part of the school news and/or in other classrooms. Commercials (aural and/or video) advertising the show could also be taped.These commercials should be related to upcoming school events (public service announcements) or musically relate. (I. E. Commercial for a fictitious brand of the instrument played by the guest on that segment of the show). Students could write theme music for the show and include it at the beginning and in advertisements. Interview local Jazz musicians. Videotape these interviews to be used on the show. Invite these musicians to come on the show live and meet with the class and play for the students. Relevant National Standards from the Mid Continent Regional Educational Library (McRae): Music Listening to, analyzing, and describing music.Understanding music in relation to history and culture. History Understands the folklore and other cultural contributions from various regions of the United States and how they helped to form a national heritage. Language Arts Demonstrates competence in the general skills and strategies of writing. Demonstrates competence in the general skills and strategies of reading. Gathers and uses information for research purposes. Technology Knows the characteristics and uses of computer hardware and software including the Internet. Theatre Uses acting skills. Designs and produces informal and formal productions.

Corporate Downsizing In America Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Corporate Retrenchment In America Essay, Research Paper Introduction # 8211 ; Downsizing, restructuring, rightsizing, even a term every bit vague as nose count readjustment has been used to depict the pestilence that has been impacting corporate America for old ages and has left many of its hardest working employees without work. In the 1980? s, 25 per centum of in-between direction was eliminated in the United States ( Greenberg/Baron 582 ) . In the 1990? s, one million directors of American corporations with wages over $ 40,000 besides lost their occupations ( Greenberg/Baron 582 ) . In entire, Fortune 500 companies have eliminated 4.4 million places since 1979 ( Greenberg/Baron 627 ) . Although this retrenchment of companies can hold many grounds behind it and can non be avoided at times, there are simple steps a company can take to do the procedure easier on the discharged employees and those who survive with the company. Phase OF DOWNSIZING # 8211 ; The retrenchment procedure can by and large be broken down into three distinguishable phases. The first phase is called the diagnostic phase. In this phase, direction staff pulls together and determines the sum of costs and disbursals that need to be reduced, and how much can come out of layoffs ( Moore 49 ) . This phase normally takes about two to three months to finish. During this clip, the upper direction reviews all fiscal records in order to find how much is needed to be cut from salary outgos ( Moore 50 ) . This phase is concluded when the senior direction has a elaborate program on who will be let travel, and who will stay with the company. During this phase, there is one common misidentify many companies make: deficiency of communicating. The in-between direction is normally left out of all retrenchment programs. This is incorrect and creates a large error. Middle direction should be looked upon as a valuable tool for giving input where cuts should be made ( Moore 51 ) . The following phase of retrenchment is the execution phase. During this phase the employees are laid away. The clip between an proclamation and the existent layoff should be every bit short as possible. This will about see that a terror will be avoided, and give a clear position of the state of affairs at manus without doing mass-hysteria. In a managerial place, it is hard to explicate to an employee that he or she is being laid off, but Terrence Moore gives a guideline on how it should be done. Small talk should be avoided. Management should clearly explicate that the employee is being laid off and be prepared to reply inquiries straight ; avoid crushing around the shrub. It is highly of import to detail all employee benefits and rupture wage, besides the employee should be encouraged to come back with any inquiries that he or she may hold ( Moore 52 ) . An of import note is that the employee should non be given false hope. It should be made clear, from the start, that the employee is being laid away and doesn? Ts have a opportunity of being rehired. Finally, you should non seek to lie to the employee and state you know how they may experience if you don? T ( Moore 52 ) . The concluding phase is the post-implementation phase. This is covering with the subsister syndrome and assisting displaced employees find occupations throughout arrangement beginnings. Sadly, direction normally expects the staying employees to return to their occupations as if nil had happened. However, this is non normally the instance. Survivors suffer with negative feelings of bitterness, defeat, crossness, weariness and burnout. They may besides undergo feelings of insecurity with their company. A manner to assist subsisters cover with their jobs is to offer forces workshops ( or plans ) that offer support to assist get by with the anxiousness that adjustment brings ( Moore 53 ) . Reason FOR AND EFFECTS OF DOWNSIZING There are many grounds why a company might necessitate to downsize. In today? s corporate America, it is a field fact that far fewer employees are necessary to keep a successful operation. Many times, it is the instance where a technological progress or discovery makes it possible to replace a antecedently human occupation. It is besides an all-too-common scenario that outside influences such as sudden displacements in the market or changed authorities policies force corporate executives to do coinciding determinations sing their staff and these external alterations. Another one of the major jobs in today? s concern universe are the wages being paid to the workers. Since employers are non paying their workers high rewards, the workers have small to set back into the econom Y. This causes the system to plump and forces companies to downsize to maintain from traveling under. The retrenchment of a company can impact employees before, during and after it occurs. Employees normally know of a possible retrenchment ( attention of the all-powerful pipeline ) months before it is supposed to go on. Therefore, employees may go paranoid and self-involved, and their top precedence is their ain calling instead than the bottom line of their employer. This causes them to be unfocussed and prevents them from executing their occupations expeditiously. Many workers would besides be absolutely willing to knife their equal ( s ) in the dorsum in hopes of maintaining their occupation. Normally when a retrenchment is complete, the company is at an all-time low. This is due to the fact that in about every amalgamation, acquisition or downsize, employees are faced with uncertainness about their occupations before and after the restructure. After a big per centum of downsizes, 10 per centum of the staying work force will easy accommodate to the alteration, while another 10 per centum will neer accommodate ( Hollreiser 27 ) . Workers who survive the downsize frequently have feelings of choler, fright or misgiving. Further internal jobs result from employees who survive with the company, but can non accommodate to their new scenes and outlooks, and finally discontinue their occupation. Many stairss can be taken to ease the passage of the employees after downsizing occurs. For the employees who were let travel from the company, sensible rupture bundles should be offered to assist the individual until a new occupation is found. Downsizing non merely affects workers that have been terminated, but besides affects the subsisters. This is normally referred to as the subsister syndrome. Many people who survive as a consequence of downsizing frequently unrecorded with the fright that they excessively will be terminated. They are frequently shell shocked and distrustful. They are mentally frightened subsisters of an economic restructuring that they have neer seen earlier. In this changeless clime of economic insecurity, their occupations are invariably being redefined. They are forced to run into new degrees of production standards necessitating them to make more work in less clip and the impression of occupation security ( because of expandability ) is disused ( Caudren 52 ) . As for the staying employees, simple agencies of communicating can be really of import. One of the major grounds for employee jobs after a retrenchment is the misgiving in the direction and deficiency of cognition sing their ain occupation position. If the employees are informed of what is transpirating within their company, they might non be fearful of losing their occupation, or so speedy to knife a fellow employee in the dorsum. This job has affected 1000000s of households in America and has forced good, nice workers to settle for lower rewards and small or no benefits in exchange for supposed higher occupation security. I besides have some personal experience with this topic. My male parent presently works for AT A ; T and survived the recent downsize and split the company underwent. However, he was non so lucky with his old employer, Nabisco, Inc.. In 1988 Nabisco, Inc. and RJ Reynolds, Inc. Merged and downsized, puting off 1000s of employees of which my male parent was one. Positive EFFECTS OF DOWNSIZING # 8211 ; Although retrenchment can hold annihilating effects on those people on the negative side, the staying employees can hold enormous chances for growing and accomplishment development. After a restructure, there are many ways an employee can turn vertically and horizontally within their company. Since so many places are eliminated in such a procedure, the staying employees sometimes need to larn new accomplishments and adapt to managing greater sums of work than of all time before. While this may be an incommodiousness at first, these accomplishments and abilities can help these people in future occupation hunts. Decision # 8211 ; The retrenchment procedure is a fact of life. It affects wholly people from directors to put off employees and their households every bit good as those who remain with the company. It is something that will go on to happen with no terminal in sight. Equally long as our universe market continues to turn, so excessively will the construct of downsizing grow. This procedure can take to psychological jobs, and creates anxiousness and defeat for those of both terminals of it. This is a job that most probably will non hold an easy solution, or at least non any clip shortly. It is something that we all must cover with in one manner or another, and as for the victims of retrenchment, the lone thing they can make is seek to patch their lives back together and trust for the best.

Self pity and personality

Self-pity is the psychological state of a person’s mind which is mainly perceived in situations that are quite adverse. Individuals who undergo through self pity often bear the feeling that they have failed and as a result, have lacked either confidence or ability to deal with the situation at hand.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Self pity and personality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is imperative to note that self pity is characterized by an individual belief and perception that he or she is a victim of circumstances and as a result, there is need to be condoled or comforted by other people. As Protinsky and Gilkey (1996) vividly point out in one of their research studies, self pity is a negative emotion which, as expected and clearly known, does not assist individuals in dealing with situations that are adverse. Nonetheless, in a social situation, self pity may trigger people of goodwill to offer advice or sympathy while in others it can be considered as a normal occurrence. There are those who may also consider self pity as a healthy experience of a mental process which does not require any specific medical help. Nevertheless, for it to be considered healthy or normal, it should result it either determination or acceptance to change. In some circumstances, self pity can sustain an individual if it is combined with depression or any other conditions that can easily depress it. For instance, a child can feel bad at school as a result of perceiving his or her peers as more outgoing or social than him or her. Hence, if a child fails to take any initiative of getting to socialize with the peers with an aim of knowing them, then he or she is likely to continue to be so lonely and they continue feeling pity. Nonetheless, self pity is a means of being attentive to oneself even though with negative repercussions. Sundberg et al (1991) pointed out that it is a method of sel f nurturing where ones tells herself or himself that he or she is hurting so much due to certain event. According to the theory of social learning, self pity is a means for seeking attention, a scenario that is most common among children as they grow up. On the same note, it may be experienced in situations whereby a persons has been comfortably nurtured, given due attention and morally support throughout life especially during difficult circumstances such as illnesses or other hardships in life. If the latter case is anything to go by, then, it is pragmatic to mention that adults who experience intense self pity coupled with introverted personality are highly likely to have been brought up in a more caring and nurturing way.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If the latter argument cannot be supported on its own without some strong empirical study, then we may conclude that su ch influence or impact brought about by self pity is to a large extent, brought about by personality make up of an individual. Through these children grows up with the skill of having learnt the skill of giving attention to him or her or receiving the same from other from others. In discussing the influence of trauma on self pity, the same cannot be discussed without looking at the theories that were developed by Sigmund Freud. According to Freud hysteria symptoms are due to traumatic circumstances in a life of an individual. Freud believed that horrifying situations such as incest, abuse and rape that he witnessed in his parents was not caused by fantasies or lies but were as a result of real life experiences (Tavris, 1993). Sundberg et al (1991), in his study adds that individuals who are traumatized when they are faced with situations that are stressful to them. These situations include molestation, incest, domestic violence or living with someone who is either mentally ill or dr ug addict can be very traumatizing for one. According to Protinsky and Gilkey (1996), an individual who is either traumatized or abused can come up with dysfunctional behaviors with an aim of dealing with the existing psychological or emotional pain. These strategies might consist of behavioral addictions and self medicating strategies. Individuals can also engage themselves in risky behaviors such as gambling, risky sexual activities, pleasure murder or purging. Social theorist’s points out that trauma that experienced during childhood can result into behavior that is violent in nature. Additionally, trauma can be caused by a number of events but there are common aspects that are believed to be the causes of trauma. This can include constant violation of ideas that are familiar to a person like human rights or issues about the world. This makes the person to be in a state of insecurity and confusion. Psychological trauma can occur at the same time as the physical trauma. Non etheless, individuals react differently to events that may be similar in nature. For instance, an individual may go through an experience which may be traumatic to him or her while another person may go through the same but he or she will not be traumatized. Nonetheless, according to a study carried out by Protinsky and Gilkey (1996), trauma in children can be handled by encouraging them to develop self-pity to make them feel guilty of their actions or behaviors. For infants who are sensitive, fear of addiction to the existing guilt makes the will to collapse and thus leading to catatonia. Grazyna and Nazan (2006) defined catatonia as a response that is geared towards intense feeling by an individual as either rejected or excluded from the rest of the public.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Self pity and personality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Arruza et al (2009) argue that the existing catatonia i s not visible as children always bind themselves to the parents through identification stratagem of the parent. Thus, children in most cases identify themselves with the will of their parents which results into the collapse of their own will. Therefore, the stratagem serves as the supporting element of the children’s ego even though it is unstable provided that they can identify themselves with parents and also survive. However, according to Sundberg et al (1991), the reincarnations theory is required in social psychology for proper explanation of sensitivity of children. According to the theory some children are more sensitive than their counterparts and family criticism is usually based on the sexual or physical abuse which results into trauma. However, in most situations, problems which arise as a result of the abuses are not understood by the society. Protinsky and Gilkey (1996) further pointed out that society does not realize that parents who got strong will a likely to cause problems to children who are highly sensitive. This makes the degree of self-pity to be manifested differently in children. However, based on a study that was carried out by Protinsky and Gilkey (1996) pointed out that childhood trauma is not the only aspect that results into self-pity in individuals but it assists in creation of a conducive environment for existence of self-pity as it de-stabilizes the ego of an individual which is likely to emerge. This is the ego of an individual once created; usually have foundations which are fragile in nature. On the other hand, Jennifer et al (2006) observed that regardless whether an adult is suicidal, maniac or catatonic, these conditions are a mere reflection of the childhood traumatic experiences. Therefore, feelings like self pity or one being depressed are a manifestation of different mechanisms that individuals apply in handling the memory of infant trauma that exists in the subconscious part of their being and it occurs when th e impact of the trauma can no longer be repressed in their lives as adults. For instance, application of catatonia by an individual as a strategy of overcoming trauma indicates the fear of emphasizing power. According to research carried out by Grazyna and Nazan (2006) he aspect fear and self pity manifests itself in children when they feel that they have been rejected by either their peers or parents and they continue to blame themselves for the scenario created. On the other hand Protinsky Gilkey (1996) posited that, children absorb the hatred that they receive from either their peers or their parents and as a result they do harbor feelings of self pity as a result of this.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, Tavris, (1993) holds that the same influences of trauma during childhood leads to feeling of self pity and the same feeling is carried over and over throughout someone’s lives. But for individuals who are ascetic can experience and harbor feelings of self pity and self-perpetuating in all incarnations that may occur in the future. Therefore, an individual need to learn ways of coping with self pity by coming up with ways of understanding the aspects of dynamic social psychology. Hence, the existing nature of sensitivity involved makes people who have gone through traumatic experiences to harbor the feelings of self pity and thus in most circumstances avoid the company of their peers. Sundberg et al (1991) added that the start of adult of catatonia may be instantaneous and can be as a result of gradual paralysis of ones will. The author further added that the same can be termed as guilt. Therefore, the gradual influences of guilty results into harboring of self pity by an individual who have gone through traumatic life experiences during his or her childhood. This is because the foundation of ego was built on basis of guilt and fear which makes one to look for internal consolation and feel that he or she is the victim of the circumstances. Hannelore (2007) further pointed out that when an individual becomes an adult, he or she continuous to harbor feelings of guilt and self pity if the life becomes more stressing for her or for him. The guilt which are caused by the childhood trauma are then cultivated into the being thus making the person to harbor feelings of self pity. This makes the feeling of guilt and self pity to dominate the subconscious part of his or her mind and continually destroy it. This makes ones life not to be productive and he starts to harbor feelings of doubt and feel self pity for his or herself. The doubt and self pity then spoils ones sense of pride and thus make him or her to be more vulnerable to insidious guilt. Furth ermore Freud in clinical observation of his patients concluded that traumatic events can result into symbolic symptoms, repressions and even compromise formations. In 1880s till 1896, Freud wrote about the influence of trauma on ones self pity. According to Sundberg et al (1991), on the works that Freud authored with Josef Breuer on trauma, the two authors tackled aspects of symbol formation, splitting and repression and somatization and related them to actual traumatic events that individuals face either as adults or as children. Tavris (1993), argued that traumatic events that happen in early years of a child’s life can impact on the way the children will perceive the world when they grow up and even the sense of self pity. Daydreaming and fantasy thus make the world in which they live in order for them to escape real life situations. The escape which is internal provides the youth with a peaceful haven which is different from the real world experience in which they face re jection from their peers and even the society as a whole. However, the impact of the inward retreat especially when combined with dissociation experience, application of facilitators and reinforces of adult trauma results into harboring of self-pity. Sundberg et al (1991) outlined various themes on sexual degradation such as rape, incest and other forms of sexual abuse which often results into either masochistic or sadistic desires which are related to traumas that are experienced by one during the formative years of his or her life. Trauma results into self-pity or hatred in children and if the traumatized child continues to focus on the event it can cause hatred for one self or for other people and the emotions can further result into either pride or guilt. But in cases whereby the child focus on trauma is on self pity, a different scenario can result whereby the child can react to trauma which is as a result of violence in two ways. First, fear of authority will be created and in this case the child will link violence to problems of identity and authority. Secondly, the child will develop sexual fear and in this case he or she will link violence to the problem of pleasure and sexuality (Protinsky Gilkey, 1996). But for males who are heterosexual, masochism or sadism can work in two ways resulting into a number of responses to a self pity feeling towards femininity that has caused damage to his masculinity. Therefore, muscularity is a result of desires of the males to punish the feminine part of them by simply making it weak. On the other hand, sadism is caused with the desire to belittle other men muscularity. According to Tavris (1993), no matter how one tries to build his or her image, it is meaningless because much of human’s life is comprised of unconscious being. Erik Erikson in his works on personality development argued that acquisition of conscious social identity in adolescence is part of normative crises in development stage of an individu al. However, the process of development is further reflected in real life situations. However, social development identity has some values which are short term in nature. Jennifer,et al (2006) pointed out that in order to examine the psychology of victims involved in any trauma, it is important to examine the key characteristics of a victim and the aspects that distinguish him or her from non-victims. This should be understood whether the trauma is a hostage, domestic, sexual abuse or any other form of violence. Hannelore (2007) added that individuals who have suffered trauma can be distinguished from those who have not as they usually feel a sense of self pity and helplessness. However, they lack the sense and feeling to either blame themselves for the problem or to be accountable for the same. Lincoln (2008) argued that this is because the control locus of the victim is both stable and external. Stability of the locus is also necessary when deliberating on the relationship that ex ists between what people believe in against reality. Hence, when addressing self pity, both internal and external stability of the locus are necessary. According to Grazyna and Nazan (2006), victims of trauma are likely to harbor self-efficiency and self-pity feelings and feel that they can not be successful in changing the life of a person or of their lives. Therefore, the trauma victims can attribute the same to their behavioral outcomes on external forces and not to dispositional ones which are internal. Furthermore, there are myriad of elements in a personal w ell being that may equally lead or awaken self pity. For instance, being embarrassed, feelings of lack of personal or external help as well as los e of hope in life are all important factors when deliberating on human psychology on self pity. Social exchange theory which explores on potential benefits against individual actions can also be used to offer further explanation to the latter case. Thus, individuals are likely t o continue with their existing behavior provided the costs of benefits gained are higher than the cost of one being a victim of traumatic situation. Arruza et al (2009) argued that in some circumstances where parents have high moral values, the dominant will of the child will go hand in hand with it regardless of the traumatic situation that the child found herself or himself in. Therefore, if the dominant element in the subconscious mind of the parents is hatred then, the child will emulate the same to himself or her if he or she is sensitive and as a result he will be negatively influenced by the experience. Finally, according to Tavris (1993), when a child becomes an adult, the self pity that has already been developed is highly likely to produce one of the two commonly known psychological effects effects. The first effect will be the tendency of the child to develop an indecisive character. In other words, the child may become indecisive or harbor feelings of apathy not only tow ards him/herself per se, but also towards other people who are not even aware of the prevailing situation. To make matters worse, this form of self pity may also generate other complicated feelings which may also trigger the affected person to search for a belief system or something to rely on even though in an abstract way. This may be a common effect bearing in mind that most traumatic experiences often lead to such aftermath in an individual’s personality. References Arruza, J.et al (2009). understanding the relationship between perceived development of the competition plan and sport performance: mediating effects of self-efficacy and state depression. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 109(1), 304. Retrieved from Discovery. Grazyna, K. , Nazan, A. (2006). Children’s Conscience and Self-Regulation. Journal of Personality, 74(6), 1587-1617. Retrieved from Discovery. Hannelore, W. (2007). The Spirited, the Observant, and the Disheartened: Social Concepts of Optimism, Real ism, and Pessimism. Journal of Personality, 75(1), 169-197. Retrieved from Discovery. Jennifer, C. et al (2006). The Pursuit of Self-Esteem: Contingencies of Self-Worth and Self-Regulation. Journal of Personality, 74(6), 1749-1771. Retrieved from Discovery. Lincoln, K..(2008). Personality, Negative Interactions, and Mental Health. The Social Service Review, 82(2), 223. Retrieved from Discovery Protinsky, H, Gilkey, J.K. (1996). An empirical investigation of the construct of Personality authority in late adolescent women and their level of college adjustment. Adolescence, 31(122), 291-5.Retrieved from Discovery. Sundberg, S. L., et al (1991). Victim blame and the disinhibition of sexual arousal to rape vignettes. Violence and victims, 16, 103-120. Tavris, C. (1993,). Beware the incest survivor machine. New York Times, Book Review, pp. 1,16-18. This research paper on Self pity and personality was written and submitted by user Bedlam to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The U.S. Federal Parole System

Criminal offenders have existed in the society for as long as the history of mankind is concerned. Different measures have been put in place to ensure that criminals are brought to book and prosecuted accordingly. In the United States, numerous criminal justice systems have made attempts to ensure that there is social order at all times. However, some of these systems have received criticisms from a cross-section of the society as far as their effectiveness is concerned (Schmalleger, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The U.S. Federal Parole System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The parole system is one of the criminal justice approaches with the longest history in some countries, particularly the United States. It refers to supervised conditional release of an inmate from prison which is granted way before the elapse of a given prisoner’s court sentence (Hoffman, 2004). This system, however, varies in application from one state to another in America. For instance, in some states, any person convicted of serious crime like murder or rape is not considered for parole. Since parole is granted under strict terms and conditions, the slightest violations result in its revocation and subsequent re-incarceration. The essay discusses the general history and purpose of the parole system in the United States. The negative as well as positive effects of this system on the society are also discussed. Moreover, the various functions of local, state and federal parole agencies are highlighted. The federal parole system is emphasized in this essay. Although law enforcement agencies work hard to keep criminals off the streets, while the prisons house them, it is the responsibility of the parole agencies to ensure that the offenders stay out of trouble and get the help they need by providing community resources to help them socially reintegrate into the society after being released. Persons con victed of any given crime receive appropriate sentence from the criminal justice system applicable in that jurisdiction. Imprisonment for a specified period of time has been one of the ways of rehabilitating convicts (Parent, 1994). The length of time may range from a few months to life imprisonment. However, as defined above, parole creates an opportunity for the inmates to be released on specified terms and conditions before they complete their sentence in jail. Usually, the parolee is under regular supervision and is still under the initial sentence. The activities of the parolee are restricted by an appointed officer, particularly when it comes to place of residence, associates, and day to day occupation with an aim of curbing a relapse into criminal activities. The procedure of granting parole is regulated by the statute established in the authorities of the United States (Dolgoff Fieldstein, 2008). In some states, persons serving indeterminate life sentence may be eligible fo r parole upon petition for release.Advertising Looking for essay on homeland security? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In criminal law, parole is not designed to shorten the sentence of a convict but to give the parolee an opportunity to readjust and accelerate the rehabilitation process especially for first time offenders (Parent, 1994). The various states have statutes which create parole boards with the responsibility of evaluating and if necessary, releasing the prisoners from jail. These boards conduct parole hearings as well as the hearings for the revocation of paroles. Some states do not allow the persons on parole to be represented during such hearings. In the United States, the parole system was first officially established and used in New York in 1876. By the turn of the 20th century, many states had adopted the parole system. It was in 1910 that the U.S. Congress established the Parole Commission charged with the r esponsibility of granting parole (Rush, 2003). There are a number of reasons why parole is used in the United States. In comparison, it is much cheaper to supervise a person on parole than to incarcerate a convict. While a person is on parole, he or she has an opportunity to offer services to the community and hence contribute to the general development. On the other hand, the society is assured of security because the parolee is under regular supervision to prevent relapse into crime. Crime is minimized due to the fact that a person on parole may be re-incarcerated in case of the slightest violation of terms and conditions (Hoffman, 2004). It has been established that parole serves as one of the very effective ways of rehabilitating convicts. Parolees are constantly supervised and guided as they readjust into the society. Parole also helps in controlling the population of local, state and federal prisons. Usually, parole is granted upon meeting the set standards of good behavior wh ile in prison. As much as parole laws differ from one state to another, there are a number of practices that are shared among the states (Jacobson, 2005). In most states, the governor has the responsibility of appointing a parole board. The board is charged with the duties of investigating the case histories of prisoners eligible for parole, analyze the records, conduct parole hearings, and grant parole to successful candidates and to design the conditions for parole. Moreover, they can issue warrants of arrests for persons who may violate parole conditions, conduct parole revocation hearings as well as give the final discharge to persons on parole after a specified period of time (Hoffman, 2004). Some states require that the parolees pay a small fee every month which will be used to compensate the costs of regular supervision by selected officers from the parole commission. For instance, some states charge up to $10 monthly and a maximum of $2,500 annually for convicts on parole fo r a felony (Jacobson, 2005). If the parolee fails to pay the specified fee, the parole board may initiate the process of revoking the parole especially if the failure to pay cannot be justified.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The U.S. Federal Parole System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The responsibility of determining whether one is eligible for parole or not rests with the parole board. The best interests of the affected society are considered when granting parole. States which practice the parole system emphasize the fact that parole is not aimed at reducing the sentences or granting pardon/amnesty to offenders (Del Carmen, 2006). It should also not be confused with probation which is usually given instead of imprisonment. In order to regulate the granting of parole, most states checks the jurisdiction of the parole board. The statutes in these states are designed in such a way that there is a specific pe riod of imprisonment that a person must complete before being considered for parole (Schmalleger, 2005). The minimum period of time is calculated as a fraction of the total sentence awarded in the court ruling which largely depend on the nature of crime committed. In Arkansas, for instance, a person convicted of serious crime like murder, rape, kidnapping, heightened robbery, and posing serious security concerns is not considered for parole until he or she has served 70% of the original sentence (Rush, 2003). Prisoners are eligible for parole after they serve a minimum of one-third of their prison sentence when it comes to lesser crimes. In the United States, most states have adopted the state parole system as a means of checking overcrowding in state prisons. However, the state and federal parole systems have been under intensified criticisms especially in the 1970s. During this time, movements emerged which pushed for the disbandment of the system in many states. They viewed the p arole system as a way of violating â€Å"truth in sentencing.† The critics demanded that inmates should be left to serve their full sentence as ruled by the courts. Many states including Virginia (1995) have abolished the parole system (Jackson, 2001). In fact, many states currently allow sentences of determinate life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. Death penalty for serious crimes like murder and rape is also practiced. Prisoners who receive neither of the sentences are eligible for parole upon filing a petition for release. Another negative effect of parole as cited by the critics is that it releases notorious criminals back into the society hence posing serious security concerns. Political regimes with the highest incidences of parole are regarded as being ‘soft on crime’ and fueling impunity. When it comes to sentencing options, Alaska is the only state which does not permit capital punishment and life imprisonment without the likelihood of pa role (Rush, 2003). Where parole is applicable, a prisoner who demonstrates good behavior may be eligible for parole only after the elapse of a minimum of 85% of the prison sentence handed down by the court (Schmalleger, 2005). However, good conduct in prison may not in anyway guarantee that a prisoner be paroled. A comprehensive evaluation of the inmate must be conducted in order to determine eligibility for parole.Advertising Looking for essay on homeland security? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the factors that play a central role include; the availability of reliable place of residence as well as sustainable and gainful job opportunity for the parolee. The parole board should be convinced that the prisoner will be able to demonstrate self-support upon being paroled (Schmalleger, 2005). For old inmates who wish to be paroled, there must be clear social security for them before parole is granted. These conditions demonstrate the great local and state differences when it comes to parole. For a long period of time in the history of the United States, parole has remained to be one of the most controversial political concerns. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, a minimum of 16 states have already eliminated the parole system (Hoffman, 2004). This has left the federal parole system on the spotlight. There were two major reasons that led to the introduction of parole in the federal system. Firstly, it was the power exercised by the president in commuting prison sentences and secondly, the practice of reducing the prison sentence by the prison officials due to good conduct by the inmates. The reduction of prison sentences for federal criminals can be traced to 1867 when the first legislation was enacted (Dolgoff Fieldstein, 2008). Parole of federal convicts started after coming into force of the June 25, 1910 legislation (Dolgoff Fieldstein, 2008). In 1984, the federal government was forced to bring to an end parole for prisoners convicted for any felony at the federal level (Hoffman, 2004). The parole board was responsible for the granting of parole to prisoners. The key members of the board were the warden of the institution, the physician, and the Superintendent of Prisons of the Department of Justice in Washington, D. C. It was until 1930 when legislation was passed to establish a single Board of Parole in Washington, D. C. whose members were appointed by the Attorney General. Changes were made to the constitution and roles of the boa rd depending on the circumstances. In 1948, the AG increased the members of Board of Parole to five following an increase in prison population during post WWII (Hoffman, 2004). Towards the end of 1950, the membership of the board was increased to eight and the president became the appointing authority with approval from the senate (Dolgoff Fieldstein, 2008). The Parole Board received major changes in 1972 when efforts to reorganize the parole process began. The Parole Commission and Reorganization Act became effective in May 1976. It was during this time that the Parole Board was renamed the United States Parole Commission. This independent agency spread to five regions. The introduction of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 brought determinate sentencing guidelines which ended up regulating the eligibility for parole at the federal level (Hoffman, 2004). These strict guidelines were a great threat to the effectiveness of the parole system and efforts were made by the Cong ress to extend the life of the Parole Commission to November 1, 2002. The Federal Parole Commission saw its responsibilities extended to cover a wider range of cases and jurisdiction. The most recent review of the Parole Commission saw its life extended to November 1, 2005 (Bogue, Nandi Jongsma, 2003). From the above discussion, it is evident that parole agencies have a great role to play when it comes to protecting the society as well as the prisoners. Law enforcement agencies, on the other hand, seek to reduce the rates of crime in the society by arresting and ensuring the incarceration of convicts. The imprisonment of all categories of criminals, however, has resulted in the overcrowding of federal and state prisons (Bogue et al., 2003). The introduction of harsh sentencing guidelines as well as mandatory sentencing has been a threat to the federal parole system. First time non-violent offenders and mothers with young children have ended up in prisons with no eligibility for par ole. Investigations into most of these offenders indicate that they are not a threat to public security and hence should not be imprisoned for the full term. However, federal parole was abolished in the 1980s following the enactment of stringent sentencing guidelines. This has seen the ineligibility of federal prisoners for parole except the state prisoners where parole is still applicable. It has been established that the cost of housing a single prisoner is worth over $29,000 annually (Hoffman, 2004). Most of the offenders are sentenced for long terms of up to 24 years even for lesser offences. This has become a burden on the tax payers and federal leaders are reluctant in reviving the federal parole system. The reintroduction of parole could mean saving billions of tax payers’ dollars which can then be channeled to other developmental programs. Schools, colleges, training services for jobs, provision of good healthcare, better housing, social security benefits, and grants for businesses are some of the areas which can be enhanced instead of spending billions of dollars on prisoners and constructing prisons (Dolgoff Fieldstein, 2008). The essay has discussed the introduction of parole and its purposes in the United States. The positive impacts of parole like saving tax payers’ money have been elaborated. Some of the negative effects of parole as advanced by critics have also been highlighted. It has emerged from the essay that as much as state parole system can still be found in some states, federal parole system is at the brink of extinction and effort must be made to revive it. It is evident, therefore, that although the law enforcers work hard to reduce crime incidences in the society, while the prisons house the criminals, it is the duty of the various parole agencies to ensure that the offenders stay out of exaggerated trouble and obtain help they need by providing community resources to help them socially readjust into the society after being released. References Bogue, B. M., Nandi, A. Jongsma, A. E. (2003). The federal parole system: analysis. John Wiley Sons, Inc. Del Carmen, R. V. (2006). Understating criminal procedure: law and practice. Cengage Learning Dolgoff, R. Fieldstein, D. (2008). Understanding social welfare (8th ed.). Pearson Education Hoffman, P. B. (2004). History of the Federal Parole. Wm. S. Hein Plc. Jackson, M. B. (2001). Doing good after prison: a guide for the parolee. Joint FX Press Jacobson, M. (2005). Regulating prisons: managing crime and reducing massive  imprisonment. NYU Press Parent, D. G. (1994). Responding to violations of parole: an introduction. DIANE Plc. Rush, J. P. (2003). Understanding state parole system (7th ed.). Peterson’s Schmalleger, F. (2005). Criminal justice and parole: an introduction (6th ed.). Prentice Hall This essay on The U.S. Federal Parole System was written and submitted by user Triston Vega to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.